To achieve Islamic civilization, a model is needed whose paradigm has fundamental and fundamental differences from Western civilization, and according to the statements of the Supreme Leader in the statement of the second step of the Islamic Revolution, as well as the description of its operational solution in the meeting with students in June 2018 to reach the summit. Civilization requires the use of the currents of the middle Circle. Now, in this research, the role of M.C in the environment-oriented community governance process has been investigated by examining the background of the research. The method of this research is descriptive-analytical, and data and information have been collected based on books and related articles. Because the literature and discourse of the currents of the M.C in the political space of Iran is a new and innovative interpretation, for this research, the articles that exist under the title of popular contributions have been used, which have the closest meanings, concepts, and functions to the M.C. Based on this, the background of the research has been examined considering three concepts: popular participation, M.C, and popular governance. Findings and results show that good governance in the environment requires people to work to solve problems and dilemmas that are related to the functions of non-governmental organizations. However, according to the definitions and goals, the presence of the currents of the M.C in the atmosphere of Islamic civilization can be considered as a way forward. The currents of the M.C in this direction have the role of persuasion, encouragement, facilitation, and acceleration, which can mediate and establish communication between the sides of the government and the people, as well as inform the people and involve them in decisions and increase the capacities of the people through consultation. They make this important.

In Persian, like many other languages, there are three voices, passive, active and middle. In Persian, middle voice, like passive voice, is a structure consisting of a one-place predicate. middle verbs are morphologically active and semantically passive. The purpose of this article is to describe the properties of middle construction in Persian and to explore the derivation of middle as a transitive structure within the framework of the latest version of Generative Grammar.

استمرار تحول در ساختار دولت ملت در گام دوم انقلاب اسلامی، مبتنی بر تجربیات گام اول آن، از الزامات اساسی مسیر تمدنی انقلاب اسلامیست. این تحول ساختاری از آن جهت که در پاره ای از مسائل موانعی جدی بر سر رابطه هم افزای دولت و ملت ایجاد شده، محل توجه است.هدف پژوهش حاضر، «صورت بندی مفهومی نظریه جریان حلقه های میانی» مبتنی بر تجربه متراکم جمهوری اسلامی است. نظریه ای که رهبر معظم انقلاب اسلامی حضرت آیت الله خامنه ای مدظله العالی به عنوان راهکار نقش آفرینی مردم در گام دوم و در قالب یک «حرکت عمومی معقول و منضبط» با «محوریت جوانان متعهد» مطرح نموده اند؛ پژوهش حاضر از نوع توصیفی-تحلیلی است. گردآوری داده ها به صورت کتابخانه ای و مصاحبه ای انجام گرفته است و برای تحلیل داده های کیفی نیز از روش تحلیل مضمون استفاده شده است.نتایج حاصل از تحقیق حاضر نشان می دهد، جریان حلقه های میانی، دارای اصالتی دیرینه در تجارب متراکم جمهوری اسلامی ایران و عاملی مهم در ایجاد حرکت عمومی در مسیر دولت سازیست و بارزترین مصادیق آن ها بسیج مردمی، مساجد و هیئت ها، گروه های جهادی، تشکل های دانشجویی و ... می باشند.

It is said about new forms of thinking following after the sensual and intuitive cognition, along with the rules of proper contemplation, abstraction, determination, classification (division), opinions etc. in Aristotle’ s “ Logic” . We realize the things with the sensual (whether outer or inner) and intuitive cognition, and reproduce then their general speculative images in our imagination by means of abstractions with a help of ideas of them. After that we are giving them a “ notion” which is a deduction. Finally, we are justifying these notions. In other words, this justifying is one of the forms of thinking. The justifying itself is divided into two parts which are the simple and the complex ones. The mostly wide spread simple forms are “ straight” reasoning and “ predicative syllogisms with common term” . The ways of getting those deductions in various ways have been being in focus of attention through the ages. There is a number of general and specific conditions to obtain the deductions of syllogisms. These conditions had been accounted in advance by logicians basing on the concrete methods. These conditions are addressed to when it is necessary to express a certain thought by means of syllogisms. If the justifying is within these conditions the deduction of syllogism will be ready. But as far as a number of conditions is large enough it is difficult to keep in mind all of them. More over, sometimes, because of too large number of prepositions for syllogism one has to make a personal deduction. By this reason one of those methods – the Eyler method in particular – is considered in present article. A special mathematic form of logical analogy and induction of predicative conclusions is represented in the article as well. Also the geometric deductions of “ straight” argument and simple syllogisms are analyzed here.

This paper concerns with a product of circles induced by the quaternionic product considered in a projective manner. Several properties of this composition law are derived and on this way we arrive at some special numbers as roots or powers of unit. We extend this product to cycles as oriented circles and to pairs of circles by using the algebra of octonions. Three applications of the given products are proposed.

A B S T R A C T Transformations such as globalization, the contiguity of geographical spaces, as well as developments in the field of military technologies have transformed the issue of defense as the main factor for the survival of countries. Because the transformation from hard to soft war and then the smart war in recent decades has changed the approaches to defense. These transformations have led to the development of discussions about defense purposes. Meanwhile, middle East countries have a prominent position and importance in terms of defense due to their special conditions. This article has tried to investigate the basic dimensions affecting the defense of foreign countries with descriptive and analytical methods, using library and field findings and Smart-PLS software. The results of the current research show that the effective components in the current research include 130 items that are placed in the form of 15 dimensions. The importance of these dimensions in defense of the middle East countries is, respectively, geopolitical dimension with a 0.43 score, military dimension with a 0.41 score, economic dimension with a 0.41 score, political dimension with a 0.39 score, hydrology dimension with a 0.34 score, security dimension with a 0.32 score, social dimension with a 0.29 score, demographic dimension with a 0.28 score, cultural dimension with a 0.26 score, scientific-health dimension with a 0.25 score, geomorphological dimension with a 0.25 score, mathematical dimension with a 0.2 score, climatic dimension with a 0.2 score, biological dimension with a 0.2 score and soil dimension with a 0.18 score. Extended Abstract Introduction Security and defense are among the most vital issues for the preservation and survival of countries. In fact, defense and military affairs are necessary for countries' independence and political, cultural and economic development. Among them, geography and political geography are prominent fields that directly affect defense issues. Actions taken by a country in dimensions (political, military, economic, etc.) in order to maintain security and territorial integrity, guarantee independence and protection of its people against any enemy attack, will organize the geographical (spatial) environment, wise and appropriate distribution of critical places and sensitive centers and infrastructures are identified by taking into account the threats and the correct use of environmental capacities in political, economic, social, cultural, etc. dimensions, and as a result, it can lead to stability and stability in the country's geographical space. The design of defense planning model according to the economic, cultural, political and environmental features in the new era when countries are facing external and internal threats as a sub-branch of territorial planning has received the attention and importance of officials and governance systems in order to be able to reduce these threats with accurate and systematic planning in the geographical space, defense planning is not separate from the flow of national and regional planning. It is important to pay attention to it based on the type and amount of external and internal threats to governance. Due to the expansion of the security circle, the government is not only responsible for creating military security. However, it must also exercise part of its authority in the direction of territorial management. On the other hand, there has been a transformation in the form of threats and wars based on changes and the movement from hard to soft war and finally, smart war is the basis for reviewing and recognizing the components that can be used in defense of countries, including the middle East countries, have a prominent position and importance. Despite the internal differences between countries, the middle East has commonalities and connections that can directly affect the overall defense of this geographical space.   Methodology In terms of type and purpose, the current research is fundamentally applied. Also, it is descriptive and analytical in terms of nature. This research, in addition to the correct and realistic depiction of the defense situation of the middle East countries, it is tried to provide a suitable model for the defense of the countries. The sources used in the current research are library and field sources (questionnaires). According to the subject of the current research, the statistical population of this research is a collection of people, experts and elites who have sufficient knowledge, experience and expertise regarding the research topic, which is the design of the defense model, according to the nature of the Delphi pattern model, at least the statistical population based on the sources should be between twenty and fifty people to reach statistical saturation. The number of selected samples included 51 people who were identified in the form of a non-random sampling pattern and introduced as a statistical sample in the framework of the Delphi model. Due to the qualitative nature of this research, it has been tried to use the Delphi model in the framework of the targeted non-random model. Therefore, based on these cases, the current research has selected the maximum statistical population of 51 elites, experts, and opinionated people in this field. In this research, to evaluate the research hypotheses in the form of the hardness equations model, the partial least squares method and the SMART-PLS software, which is a variance-based path modeling technique and provides the possibility of checking the theory and metrics simultaneously, have been exerted.   Results and discussion In this research, approaches such as political, military, cultural, etc., in the field of land use have been discussed. In the meantime, the defense of countries as an emerging approach is significant. According to the developments in geographical spaces, such as the evolution of military-defense technologies, the connection of geographical spaces to each other and most importantly, the movement from hard and soft war to smart war has witnessed a transformation and wide attention in a way that countries are suited to these developments are trying to prepare the geographical space of their country in terms of defense. Therefore, the defense planning of the middle East countries as a geographical region has great importance from a geopolitical and strategic point of view, which indicates that the countries of this region face threats and complex defense-security issues in different ways.   Conclusion The results of the present research show that the defense planning in developing countries should be considered according to their characteristics, considering all 15 dimensions, which include 130 components. In the design of the defense planning of these countries, attention should be paid to the weight and importance of the shaping dimensions. In general, it can be said that the defense planning of the middle East countries is proportional to the geographical features of these countries and on the other hand, considering the developments in the field of threats and moving from hard to smart war, 15 dimensions should be considered for the defense of these countries.   Funding There is no funding support.   Authors’ Contribution Authors contributed equally to the conceptualization and writing of the article. All of the authors approved thecontent of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work declaration of competing interest none.   Conflict of Interest Authors declared no conflict of interest.   Acknowledgments  We are grateful to all the scientific consultants of this paper.

In a political system based on Velayat-e-faghih, as the flag bearer of the discourse of religious democracy, people are both the irst and existential cause of the revolution and the accompanying system emanated from it, and at the same time the remaining cause of the two. In fact, sovereignty will have no meaning without people, because people, as the blessings of God, cannot be said to have no relationship with various ruling, managerial and social aspects of sovereignty and its great consequential aspirations which is creation of modern Islamic civilization. This article prepared with a qualitative method along with descriptive, analytical approach seeks to find an answer to the question that what mechanism and pattern should be sought in order to be able to bridge the gaps between people and the government and to interconnect the chain of government and people at all levels, including the mass and elite, in such a way that social cohesion and public movement –,which are the core basis for creation of civilization-are best achieved. This model, which is interpreted as the flow of middle circles, can be used in a specialized process, ranging from infrastructural preparation to training and staffing at the micro, medium and macro levels to employ people's capacities, especially the young generation, and to serve as linkage between the people and the government. The concept of middle rings is located in a conceptual system. Therefore, its conceptual network must be discovered and formulated. In this context, with a pathological approach, the issue of partisanship and its capacities has been raised as one of the examples of middle circles.

The method of the domination system in ruling over thoughts is seduction and the method of the divine guidance system. Therefore, in the war of narratives, the domination system is trying to dominate the public opinion and achieve its arrogant goals by distorting the facts. But on the other hand, Nizam Elahi is trying to save the public opinion from the captivity of domination through the Jihad of Enlightenment. The Supreme Leader of the Islamic Revolution chose the strategy of explanation jihad in the war of narratives, and on the other hand, by presenting the statement of the second step, he specified the goal of the Islamic Revolution and addressed the youth. Therefore, the main responsibility of this Jihad in the direction of the statement of the second step of the Islamic Revolution is the responsibility of the middle circles who are in contact with the body of the society on the one hand and the officials of the Islamic system on the other hand. Therefore, it is necessary to determine the role of the middle circles in the Jihad of explanation with the aim of realizing the statement of the second step. The current research collects information in a library form and examines it in a descriptive-analytical form.